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At a glance
- Treatment
- Cytarabine + daunorubicin or idarubicin
- Used in selected settings
- Selected acute myeloid leukaemia settings
- How it is given
- The treatment calendar below identifies the infusions, tablets or capsules used in this regimen.
- Before you start
- Save your 24-hour oncology number and have a thermometer and written medicine calendar available.
What this treatment is and how it works
This family of intensive induction treatments for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) combines cytarabine with one anthracycline, usually daunorubicin or idarubicin. The anthracyclines are alternatives, not routinely given together. “DA” refers to daunorubicin and cytarabine (also called Ara-C). “7+3” and other DA schedules are related but not identical. Using medicines with different actions helps attack cancer cells in more than one way. Healthy cells can also be affected, causing side effects.
When it may be used
Your team may use this treatment in the following settings: Selected acute myeloid leukaemia settings. The choice depends on the exact diagnosis, stage, previous treatment, health and treatment aim. Treatment may aim to cure cancer, lower the risk of recurrence, or control cancer and symptoms, depending on the setting.
A listed use is not a claim that every brand is licensed for that use in every country. Your oncologist will explain why this treatment is appropriate for you.
Before treatment
Before starting, tell the team about previous cancer treatment, allergies, infection symptoms, heart, lung, kidney or liver disease, hearing or nerve problems, diabetes and all medicines you take. Discuss pregnancy, contraception and fertility. Ask for a written treatment calendar, supportive-medicine instructions and a 24-hour oncology contact number. Baseline blood tests usually include a full blood count and kidney and liver function; additional tests depend on the medicine and your health. Before chemotherapy that reaches the whole body, the team should check for current or past hepatitis B infection. If a test is positive, extra monitoring or antiviral treatment may be needed to prevent the virus becoming active again. The team will coordinate testing and treatment; do not delay urgent cancer treatment yourself.
How treatment is given and the schedule
| When | What happens |
|---|---|
| 7+3 example | Cytarabine by continuous infusion into a vein for 7 days, plus an anthracycline into a vein on 3 days, commonly the first 3. |
| Other DA protocols | Some protocols use cytarabine for 8 or 10 days and daunorubicin on specified alternate days. Use the actual protocol, not the 7+3 calendar. |
| Recovery phase | A hospital stay and intensive monitoring usually continue after chemotherapy while blood counts recover. Further treatment depends on marrow response and recovery. |
Antimicrobial prevention or treatment, transfusions, anti-sickness medicines, mouth care and tumour lysis prevention are managed by the haematology team.
The dose is calculated for your treatment and health. Rest periods, delays or dose changes may be needed. Do not change doses or treatment dates yourself, except to follow specific instructions to stop a medicine and seek help for warning symptoms. The team will give you a revised plan when needed.
During an infusion, tell the nurse immediately about pain, burning, swelling or leaking around the cannula or line. Do not massage the area or apply heat or ice unless the team instructs you.
Tests and monitoring during treatment
Frequent blood counts, kidney and liver tests, blood salts, infection assessment and tumour lysis monitoring are required. Heart assessment precedes anthracycline treatment. Bone-marrow tests assess response.
At each review, describe symptoms since the previous dose, including problems that have already settled. Blood tests can detect effects before you feel them. Your team may delay, reduce, omit or stop a medicine if results or symptoms make this necessary. The decision depends on the exact protocol; a normal result does not make new symptoms safe to ignore.
Side effects: what to expect
Side-effect rates depend on the exact protocol, doses and other treatments. Frequencies from individual-drug labels cannot simply be added together or treated as regimen rates. The groups below describe the expected clinical pattern without assigning unsupported percentages.
You are unlikely to have all of these effects. This is not an exhaustive list. Tell the team about any new or troublesome symptom, including one not mentioned here.
Common or more frequent side effects
| Possible effect | What you can do | When to contact the team |
|---|---|---|
| Low blood counts | White cells fight infection, red cells carry oxygen and platelets help clotting. Treatment can lower one or more of these. Wash hands, avoid close contact with people who are unwell and keep blood-test appointments. | Call immediately for fever, shaking chills or feeling suddenly unwell. Report unusual bruising, bleeding, marked tiredness or increasing breathlessness. Do not wait for a blood-test result before seeking help. |
| Feeling or being sick | Take preventive anti-sickness medicines at the prescribed times. Try small meals and frequent small drinks; avoid strong food smells if they worsen nausea. | Contact the team the same day if medicines are not controlling symptoms. Seek urgent advice if you cannot keep fluids down, feel faint or pass much less urine. |
| Sore mouth or throat | Use a soft toothbrush and the mouth-care plan from your team. Choose soft, moist foods and avoid alcohol-containing mouthwash or foods that sting. | Contact the team if pain affects eating or drinking, or if white patches or ulcers develop. Inability to swallow fluids, fever or severe pain needs urgent assessment. |
| Tiredness and reduced stamina | Balance rest with short periods of gentle activity. Prioritise tasks and accept help with shopping, meals or transport. Tell the team about poor sleep or pain. | Report fatigue that prevents basic activities or is worsening. Sudden breathlessness, chest pain, fainting or confusion needs urgent assessment. |
| Hair thinning or hair loss | Use gentle hair care and protect the scalp from sun and cold. Ask early about wigs and head coverings. Scalp cooling is not recommended for blood cancers. | Tell the team about a painful or inflamed scalp. Hair often regrows after treatment, but the timing, texture and completeness of regrowth vary. |
| Loose or frequent stools | Keep a record of stools. Take frequent small drinks and use the diarrhoea medicine prescribed for your regimen. Oral rehydration solution may help if the team recommends it. | Contact the team promptly for diarrhoea that continues or increases. Fever, blood, severe pain, dizziness or difficulty drinking needs urgent assessment. Drug-specific stop instructions below take priority. |
| Reduced appetite or changes in eating | Try smaller, frequent meals with protein and energy-rich foods you tolerate. Ask for a dietitian if your weight or intake is falling. | Report ongoing weight loss or difficulty eating. Inability to drink or signs of dehydration needs same-day urgent advice. |
Other reported side effects (frequency varies)
These effects may be common in some treatment settings, less common in others, or have no reliable frequency estimate. Their position here does not mean they are necessarily less frequent or less serious.
Skin reactions, liver-test changes and red urine after the anthracycline can occur. Cytarabine can cause a fever-and-aches syndrome, but infection must always be considered.
Report these at review, or sooner if worsening. Use the urgent guidance for symptoms that affect breathing, drinking, urination, walking, consciousness or bleeding.
Important serious side effects, including rare effects
Serious does not always mean rare. Where reliable incidence is unavailable, no numerical frequency is assigned. The action to take matters even when the likelihood is uncertain.
Serious infection or sepsis
Low white cells can allow an infection to become life-threatening quickly. Fever, shaking chills, rapid breathing, confusion or sudden deterioration needs immediate help. Infection is possible even with a normal temperature.
Serious bleeding
Very low platelets can cause bleeding. Report unusual bruises or nosebleeds promptly. Heavy or persistent bleeding, vomiting blood, black stools or a sudden severe headache needs emergency assessment.
Tumour lysis syndrome
When many cancer cells break down quickly, blood salts and kidney function can change dangerously. Preventive fluids or medicines and blood tests may be needed. Reduced urine, severe cramps, palpitations, vomiting or confusion requires urgent assessment.
Heart-muscle damage
Anthracyclines can weaken the heart during treatment or months to years later. Report new breathlessness, ankle swelling, difficulty breathing when lying flat or palpitations promptly. Severe symptoms, chest pain or collapse are emergencies.
Severe bowel inflammation or damage
Severe abdominal pain, a swollen abdomen, bloody diarrhoea, persistent vomiting or fever with bowel symptoms needs urgent assessment. Do not treat these symptoms simply by taking extra antidiarrhoeal medicine or laxatives.
Injury if medicine leaks outside the vein
Pain, burning, stinging, swelling or a colour change around the cannula or line requires immediate attention. Tell the nurse at once, or contact the unit urgently if it occurs after leaving. Do not massage the area or apply heat or ice unless instructed.
Practical advice for this treatment
Tell ward staff promptly about any new symptom, even if mild. Do not take medicines from home without the ward pharmacist’s review. This sheet does not cover liposomal daunorubicin–cytarabine or targeted additions, which require separate guidance.
Taking cancer medicines at home
Keep cancer tablets or capsules in their labelled packaging, away from children and pets. Do not share them or put them in a household pill organiser unless the oncology pharmacist agrees. Do not crush, open, split or dissolve them without product-specific pharmacy instructions. A caregiver who handles the medicine should follow the pharmacy’s precautions. Return unused medicine to the pharmacy. If you miss a dose or vomit after one, do not take an extra dose; contact the team and follow the medicine-specific plan. If you accidentally take an extra dose or the wrong strength, contact the oncology team urgently even if you feel well. Do not try to make yourself vomit or work out a compensating dose yourself.
Medicines, interactions and vaccinations
Give the oncology pharmacist a complete list of prescription medicines, over-the-counter products, vitamins, herbal and Ayurvedic remedies and supplements. Ask before starting anything new. Do not stop prescribed medicines, including anticoagulants or infection-prevention medicines, without a coordinated plan. Live vaccines are generally unsuitable while immunity is suppressed; discuss vaccine type and timing with the team. Non-live vaccines may be offered, although protection can be reduced. Follow any specific stop-and-call instructions for the cancer medicine on this page or in your written treatment plan.
- Cytarabine: Other medicines affecting marrow, kidneys or the nervous system need review. The timing of intrathecal treatment and cranial radiotherapy requires specialist coordination.
- Daunorubicin: Other heart-affecting or bone-marrow-suppressing medicines need review. Prior radiotherapy and total anthracycline exposure influence risk.
- Idarubicin: Other medicines affecting heart function, liver clearance or blood counts need checking. Report all previous cancer treatments.
Pregnancy, fertility and breastfeeding
Chemotherapy can harm a developing baby and may affect fertility temporarily or permanently. Discuss sperm, egg or embryo storage before treatment when feasible. If you could become pregnant, or your partner could become pregnant, use effective contraception during treatment and for the drug-specific period afterwards. Ask for a written end date based on every medicine in your plan: the required period differs by product and can extend for months. Periods stopping does not guarantee infertility. Tell the team immediately about a suspected pregnancy. Do not breastfeed during treatment; restart only after the team confirms the interval for the exact medicine and formulation.
Everyday life
Gentle activity, regular meals and rest can help you cope. Prepare food hygienically and drink according to your individual fluid plan. Avoid smoking; ask whether alcohol is safe with your exact treatment and other medicines. Plan work, travel and driving around symptoms and monitoring visits. Do not drive if dizzy, sleepy, weak, visually affected or impaired by neuropathy. You can usually be close to family and friends: chemotherapy does not make you radioactive. Follow the unit’s instructions for handling urine, vomit, laundry and sexual precautions for the period it specifies.
When to contact the oncology team
Contact the oncology team the same day for persistent vomiting or diarrhoea, difficulty drinking, reduced urine, mouth pain affecting eating, new cough, jaundice, a painful or spreading rash, unusual bruising, worsening constipation or new nerve symptoms. Use the more urgent instructions for the particular symptom when given above. If the team cannot be reached and you are unwell, seek urgent medical care.
Write down your hospital’s daytime and out-of-hours numbers before treatment. CTI’s general contact details do not replace the emergency number provided by your treating hospital.
After treatment
Keep the planned blood tests and follow-up appointments after the last dose. Blood counts and immunity may take time to recover, and some effects can start or persist later. Contact the team about symptoms rather than waiting for a routine visit. Keep a treatment summary, including drug names, dates and any serious reactions, for future doctors. Response may be assessed with examination, scans or blood or marrow tests, depending on the cancer.
Words you may hear
- AML
- Acute myeloid leukaemia, a cancer of blood-forming cells.
Frequently asked questions
Does 7+3 mean I go home on day 8?
Usually not. Blood counts may remain very low for weeks and require close inpatient care.
Are daunorubicin and idarubicin both given?
Usually one is selected. They have different doses and must not be substituted directly.
Will I get every side effect listed?
No. Many people have only some of them. Your dose, other medicines, health and previous treatment all affect risk. Reporting symptoms early often makes them easier to manage.
Does having few side effects mean treatment is not working?
No. Side effects do not reliably show how well cancer treatment is working. The team assesses response using the appropriate tests.
Can a dose be reduced or delayed?
Yes. Blood counts, organ function or side effects may require a delay, reduction, omission or change. The team balances safety with the treatment aim; do not change doses yourself. Follow the specific instructions to stop a medicine and seek help if a warning symptom occurs.
Can I take vitamins, herbal or Ayurvedic products?
Check every product with the oncology pharmacist first. “Natural” does not mean interaction-free, and some products can affect the liver, bleeding or drug levels.
What should I have ready at home?
A thermometer, the 24-hour oncology number, a treatment calendar, your medicine list and prescribed symptom medicines. Arrange help with transport or meals if needed.
When should I call instead of waiting for the next appointment?
Use the urgent-help instructions on this page. Fever, sudden illness, uncontrolled symptoms or difficulty drinking should not wait until the next treatment visit.
Individual medicine guides
- Cytarabine
- Daunorubicin
- Idarubicin
Sources and further reading
Summary of Product Characteristics
Product-specific details vary by formulation and treatment protocol.
Professional reference resources. These describe the specific product, warnings, interactions, monitoring and adverse effects. For US substitutes, the document is prescribing information rather than an SmPC. Check the product actually dispensed in India.
- Cytarabine 100 mg/ml — Hospira UK. Accessed 16 October 2026. Current company-supplied/regulatory product information; not asserted to be the originator brand.
- Daunorubicin 20 mg — Zentiva current listed SmPC. Accessed 16 October 2026. Current company-supplied/regulatory product information; not asserted to be the originator brand.
- Daunorubicin — current US prescribing information via DailyMed. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- Zavedos intravenous — Pfizer. Accessed 16 October 2026. Original-brand information identified.
- Zavedos capsules — additional oral SmPC. Accessed 16 October 2026.
Other authoritative references
- Cancer Research UK — 7+3 / DA induction family. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- eviQ — AML induction 7+3. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- NCI — AML treatment overview. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- NCI — infection and neutropenia. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- NCI — mouth and throat problems. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- NCI — diarrhoea. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- NCI — fatigue. Accessed 16 October 2026.
- Oxford Haematology DA protocol. Accessed 16 October 2026. Independent cross-check: DA (3+10), DA (3+8) schedules; version dated 11 June 2025.
- ASCO hepatitis B screening and management opinion. Accessed 16 October 2026. Independent cross-check: Provisional Clinical Opinion: universal three-test screening before or at systemic anticancer therapy; chronic/past infection management.
- eviQ — scalp cooling. Accessed 18 October 2026. Suitability and precautions for blood cancers.
Editorially approved by Dr (Prof) Vijay Agarwal
Professor and Lead Consultant – Medical Oncology
